{"id":3061,"date":"2018-05-23T12:27:26","date_gmt":"2018-05-23T10:27:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/catapa.be\/?page_id=3061"},"modified":"2022-05-28T13:07:44","modified_gmt":"2022-05-28T11:07:44","slug":"peru","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/casos\/peru\/","title":{"rendered":"Per\u00fa"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_cta 1=&#8221;peruano&#8221; 2=&#8221;es&#8221; 3=&#8221;un&#8221; 4=&#8221;mendigo&#8221; 5=&#8221;que&#8221; 6=&#8221;se&#8221; 7=&#8221;sienta&#8221; 8=&#8221;sobre&#8221; 9=&#8221;una&#8221; 10=&#8221;monta\u00f1a&#8221; 11=&#8221;de&#8221; 12=&#8221;oro&#8220;&#8220;&#8221; h2=&#8221;&#8220;Un peruano es un mendigo que se sienta sobre una monta\u00f1a de oro&#8220;&#8221; h4=&#8221;es un dicho popular peruano. Los recursos del suelo abundan, pero a\u00fan as\u00ed estos no benefician a la mayor\u00eda de la poblaci\u00f3n. La enorme expansi\u00f3n de las operaciones mineras tienen un importante impacto sociocultural, econ\u00f3mico y ecol\u00f3gico.&#8221; style=&#8221;custom&#8221; custom_background=&#8221;#01a053&#8243; custom_text=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221;][\/vc_cta][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=&#8221;stretch_row&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1535454810701{background-color: #efefef !important;}&#8221; el_id=&#8221;table-of-contents&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2>\u00cdndice<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"#la-mineria-en-peru\">La miner\u00eda en Per\u00fa<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#yanacocha\">Yanacocha<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#una-disputa-comercial\">Una disputa comercial<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#conflictos-territoriales-y-contaminacion-en-cajamarca\">Conflictos territoriales y contaminaci\u00f3n en Cajamarca<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#evasion-de-impuestos-estructural\">Evasi\u00f3n de impuestos estructural<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"#conga\">Conga<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#criminalizacion-de-la-protesta\">Criminalizaci\u00f3n de la protesta<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#maxima-acu\u00f1a\">M\u00e1xima Acu\u00f1a<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"#el-corredor-del-cobre\">El corredor del cobre<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#michiquillay\">Michiquillay<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/?p=27175#shahuindo\">Shahuindo<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#rio-blanco\">R\u00edo Blanco<\/a><span class=\"caption left\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_gmaps link=&#8221;#E-8_JTNDaWZyYW1lJTIwc3JjJTNEJTIyaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZ3d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbSUyRm1hcHMlMkZlbWJlZCUzRnBiJTNEJTIxMW0xOCUyMTFtMTIlMjExbTMlMjExZDE4Nzc5MDU1LjQwNjU2MjU3JTIxMmQtNzkuNzU0OTI3MTIwMDg0NiUyMTNkLTEuODk5ODk4NzY4NTg0MDU0JTIxMm0zJTIxMWYwJTIxMmYwJTIxM2YwJTIxM20yJTIxMWkxMDI0JTIxMmk3NjglMjE0ZjEzLjElMjEzbTMlMjExbTIlMjExczB4OTFiMjVhZmQzZmM3ZDA4NyUyNTNBMHhlYTgwYTJiOTRkODc2YjJiJTIxMnNDYWphbWFyY2ElMjUyQyUyQlBlcnUlMjE1ZTElMjEzbTIlMjExc25sJTIxMnNiZSUyMTR2MTU0ODMyNTEzNjAyMyUyMiUyMHdpZHRoJTNEJTIyNjAwJTIyJTIwaGVpZ2h0JTNEJTIyNDUwJTIyJTIwZnJhbWVib3JkZXIlM0QlMjIwJTIyJTIwc3R5bGUlM0QlMjJib3JkZXIlM0EwJTIyJTIwYWxsb3dmdWxsc2NyZWVuJTNFJTNDJTJGaWZyYW1lJTNF&#8221; title=&#8221;Cajamarca, Per\u00fa&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=&#8221;stretch_row&#8221; el_id=&#8221;la-mineria-en-peru&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1563874666878{background-color: #009c55 !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: cover !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;La miner\u00eda en Per\u00fa&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h1|font_size:50|text_align:left|color:%23ffffff&#8221; google_fonts=&#8221;font_family:Quicksand%3A300%2Cregular%2C700|font_style:400%20regular%3A400%3Anormal&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]La historia minera del Per\u00fa se remonta a la \u00e9poca pre-Inca. En los primeros siglos de la colonizaci\u00f3n se extrajeron grandes cantidades de oro, plata y mercurio de las minas; y en los primeros a\u00f1os del siglo XVII, gran parte de las minas de plata ya estaban casi agotadas.<\/p>\n<p>A pesar de la larga historia minera del Per\u00fa, el verdadero auge de la industria se produjo en los a\u00f1os 90. Sin embargo, la raz\u00f3n de este apogeo de la miner\u00eda no fue el descubrimiento de nuevos dep\u00f3sitos, sino la subida de los precios de los materiales, as\u00ed como el desarrollo de nuevas tecnolog\u00edas. Esto permitir\u00eda la explotaci\u00f3n de zonas que antes eran inaccesibles o no ventajosas econ\u00f3micamente. A esto habr\u00eda que sumarle las reformas institucionales, tanto en el sector minero como en el econ\u00f3mico en general, que hicieron de la miner\u00eda peruana un sector atractivo para inversores internacionales.<\/p>\n<p>El sector de la extracci\u00f3n empez\u00f3 a jugar un papel decisivo en el crecimiento econ\u00f3mico, hasta entonces motivado por inversiones extranjeras y una econom\u00eda orientada hacia la exportaci\u00f3n. Asimismo, los gobiernos posteriores continuaron con la tendencia a concentrar sus esfuerzos en la promoci\u00f3n del Per\u00fa como pa\u00eds minero para facilitar la entrada de capital extranjero en la econom\u00eda nacional.<\/p>\n<p>Hoy d\u00eda Per\u00fa es a\u00fan una super-potencia minera. La miner\u00eda supone el 60% de las exportaciones del pa\u00eds y es la mayor fuente de ingreso de capital extranjero. Per\u00fa es el segundo pa\u00eds productor de plata, el sexto productor de oro en el mundo y el segundo en n\u00famero de reservas de cobre, superado s\u00f3lo por Chile. Las principales cinco multinacionales mineras del mundo (Glencore, BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto, Vale y Anglo American) operan en Per\u00fa.<\/p>\n<p>Pese a las grandes inversiones que este sector aporta al pa\u00eds, la riqueza mineral del territorio peruano no est\u00e1 dando los frutos que se esperaban. Hay un dicho popular que dice &#8220;un peruano es un mendigo que se sienta sobre una monta\u00f1a de oro&#8221;. Los recursos del suelo abundan, pero a\u00fan as\u00ed estos no benefician a la mayor\u00eda de la poblaci\u00f3n. La enorme expansi\u00f3n de las operaciones mineras tienen un importante impacto sociocultural, econ\u00f3mico y ecol\u00f3gico. A finales de 2014, mas de 25.7 millones de hectarias de tierra peruana se cedieron como concesiones mineras, \u00a1m\u00e1s del 20% del territorio nacional! Adem\u00e1s, ya en 1999, aproximadamente el 55% de las 6.000 comundades campesinas exitentes se hab\u00edan visto afectadas de alguna manera por la actividad minera.<\/p>\n<p>La miner\u00eda ahora se est\u00e1 expandiendo hac\u00eda las zonas tradicionalmente habitadas por comunidades campesinas ind\u00edgenas, convirti\u00e9ndose en una amenaza para las formas de vida tradicionales basadas en la agricultura y la ganader\u00eda. Adem\u00e1s, existe una notable expansi\u00f3n del sector minero a zonas con ecosistemas vulnerables, como los p\u00e1ramos de tierras altas, que son cruciales para el abastecimiento acuifero de los campos de cultivo y de las poblaciones locales; as\u00ed como a ciudades de cotas inferiores y regiones costeras secas.<\/p>\n<p>De igual manera, los territorios que han sido cedidos suelen tener un gran valor cultural e hist\u00f3rico para sus habitantes. No resulta sorprendente que la expansi\u00f3n minera est\u00e9 originando conflictos sociales y debates pol\u00edticos en torno a la relaci\u00f3n entre la miner\u00eda, los derechos humanos, aspectos medioambientales y el desarrollo. No obstante, a pesar del gran desacuerdo social generado, el gobierno apoya totalmente el sector de la miner\u00eda.<\/p>\n<p>El presidente Ollanta Humala contin\u00faa con esta pol\u00edtica minera a pesar de las promesas hechas durante su campa\u00f1a electoral, en la que promet\u00eda una mayor regulaci\u00f3n de las compa\u00f1ias mineras extranjeras operando en el pa\u00eds. De hecho, en junio de 2014 se aprob\u00f3 un paquete de medidas con el objetivo de debilitar ciertos decretos medioambientales, sociales y legales y poner en marcha una serie de procedimientos para eliminar presiones sobre las empresas. Con Chile como principal competencia, Per\u00fa prefiere seguir siendo el mejor amigo del sector minero.<\/p>\n<p>El comit\u00e9 peruano de CATAPA centra sus actividades en dos casos mineros emblem\u00e1ticos: la franja norte de los Andes, es decir, Conga en Cajamarca; y Rio Blanco en Piura. A trav\u00e9s de nuestras organizaciones asociadas apoyamos a los grupos sociales locales y a la poblaci\u00f3n, que critican la incesante y mal regulada expansi\u00f3n de las operaciones mineras. Los costes ecol\u00f3gicos y sociales de la extracci\u00f3n minera afectan principalmente a las poblaciones locales, que se enfrentan a problemas de contaminaci\u00f3n de las aguas, expropiaci\u00f3n de tierras, conflictos sociales y cargos criminales contra los l\u00edderes sociales y otros protestantes. Con el apoyo a nuestras organizaciones y otros colaboradores del sur intentamos dar voz a la gente.[\/vc_column_text][vc_btn title=&#8221;Volver al comienzo de secci\u00f3n&#8221; align=&#8221;left&#8221; i_align=&#8221;right&#8221; i_icon_fontawesome=&#8221;fa fa-chevron-right&#8221; add_icon=&#8221;true&#8221; link=&#8221;url:%23table-of-contents|||&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=&#8221;stretch_row&#8221; el_id=&#8221;yanacocha&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1563874685280{background-color: #009c55 !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: cover !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Yanacocha&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h1|font_size:50|text_align:left|color:%23ffffff&#8221; google_fonts=&#8221;font_family:Quicksand%3A300%2Cregular%2C700|font_style:400%20regular%3A400%3Anormal&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]In 1992, the Yanacocha Mining Project near the town of Cajamarca \u00a0was started by Minera Yanacocha S.R.L., a then joint-venture of the American Newmont Mining company, the Peruvian Compa\u00f1ia de Minas Buenaventura, the French state company Bureau de Recherches G\u00e9ologiques et Mini\u00e8res and the International Finance Corporation. The Yanacocha gold mine, currently still operating and accounting for the production of over 736 tons of gold, made a relatively quiet start. The population hoped that the mine would bring economic prosperity to this impoverished region \u2013 as it had been repeatedly promised \u2013 kept the population relatively calm. At that time, Cajamarca was the fourth pourest department of Peru. Today (2008) it is the region with the highest extreme poverty rate in the country.[\/vc_column_text][vc_tta_tour][vc_tta_section title=&#8221;Una disputa comercial&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;una-disputa-comercial&#8221;][vc_column_text]After the French state enterprise BRGM decided to merge with the Australian mining company Normandy Poseidon, which was a major competitor of Newmont Mining, the American mining multinational decided together with their Peruvian partner Buenaventura to oppose the sale. They sued BRGM and claimed they had a right to veto the sale.<\/p>\n<p>After years of lobbying and a political tug-of-war between the parties, the Peruvian Supreme Court ruled in favour of Newmont and Buenaventura in June 2000. Both were awarded the BRGM share, representing USD 109.7 million. \u00a0In 2000, it was dragged into the light that Montesinos, president Fujimori\u2019s major advisor, <a href=\"http:\/\/archive.nytimes.com\/www.nytimes.com\/packages\/khtml\/2005\/10\/25\/international\/20051025_GOLD_FEATURE.html\">had secretly video-recorded his talks with judges and consultants involved in the Yanacocha case. The large-scale corruption and fraud was thus revealed resulting in \u00a0president Fujimori\u2019s downfall.<\/a>\u00a0Mining in Peru is a state interest. The commercial dispute concerning the ownership of the Yanacocha gold mine clearly shows how intricately tangled the political and economic elites are and what the ensuing perverse effects are. At the national and international levels, this case severely damaged the Minera Yanacocha and the Peruvian policy makers\u2019 reputation<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=&#8221;Conflictos territoriales y contaminaci\u00f3n en Cajamarca&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;conflictos-territoriales-y-contaminacion-en-cajamarca&#8221;][vc_column_text]In Cajamarca, too, clash came after clash.\u00a0 The Cajamarca land conflicts were the result of the company\u2019s deliberate expropriation \u00a0strategy. Between 1992 and 2000, Yanacocha purchased over 11 000 hectares of land for approximately US $5 million. The company encouraged the dismantling of traditional patterns of land-tenure and \u00a0the parcelization and privatization of lands. The new private owners were \u00a0under pressure to sell their land, \u00a0with state-sanctioned expropriation as a threat. Land tenants who were not owners, lost access to their grounds. No compensation was awarded. Between 1992 and 1996 land prices in the vicinity of the mine rose by 600%. A large number of owners and communities felt betrayed and protested in order to enforce additional compensation.<\/p>\n<p>In 1994, there were several land disputes and reported pollution by Yanacocha; between 1997 and 1998 the first collisions happened as a result of the loss of irrigation canals and the drying up of mountain lakes,\u00a0and 2000 was the year of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cr-txUv0Zpo\">Choropampa<\/a> disaster.<\/p>\n<p>The environmental and health effects of pollution became apparent for example in the death of large numbers of trout in the region\u2019s fish farms. In 2002, in the village of Granja Porc\u00f3n, 36 700 trout were killed after mining sediments had leaked into the fish farm. Another sad \u2018climax\u2019 in Yanacocha\u2019s history happened in 2000 when a truck contracted by Yanacocha Mines spilled 150 kilos of mercury along a 43-kilometer stretch of road through the towns of Choropampa and San Juan. Over 900 inhabitants were poisoned and suffered from kidney pains, respiration problems, skin rashes and vision impairment.\u00a0At first, Yanacocha tried to play down the incident and denied all responsibility. \u00a0The company was accused and at last paid damages through an alternative dispute resolution but without accepting full responsibility. To Yanacocha the incident was closed but <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=V7bz2O2lils\">the victims\u2019 health problems will last for years to come<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Protest and dissatisfaction in Cajamarca were growing. In 2004, over 10 000 people from the region demonstrated against the expansion of the mine to Cerro Quilish, a mountain of extreme importance to the water supply of Cajamarca, with at least a temporary success, i.e. Yanacoha had to remove Quilish from its exploration plans.<\/p>\n<p>In August 2006, protests broke out against the expansion of the Carachugo pit, where Yanacocha intended to build a new dam. The residents of Combayo feared the contamination of their water and complained of the limited social and economic benefits of the project. The protest led to clashes between the farmers and the police who were aided by private Yanacocha security officers. In the clash, leader Isidro Llanos was shot dead and several people were wounded. In November 2006, farmer and environmentalist Edmundo Becerra Corina was murdered by 15 bullets, a few days prior to his meeting with representatives of the Ministry of Energy and Mines. He had received a number of death threats before<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=&#8221;Evasi\u00f3n de impuestos estructural&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;evasion-de-impuestos-estructural&#8221;][vc_column_text]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A recent report revealed that mining firm Yanacocha had evaded taxes for years on end. In his investigation &#8216;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.latindadd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/ElcasoYanacocha.pdf\">La Gran Miner\u00eda: paga los impuestos que deber\u00eda pagar? El caso Yanacocha<\/a>&#8216; journalist Ra\u00fal Wiener revealed how since 2006 Yanacocha had increasingly inflated its accounting costs in order to dramatically reduce its taxable earnings. From further investigations it appeared that especially indirect costs, which can be less easily traced back to actual production costs, \u00a0had risen sharply. Despite the high prices paid for gold and copper in recent years, the company\u2019s profits systematically decreased. In 2013 Yanacocha even reported a loss. Thus the company succeeded in saving millions.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][\/vc_tta_tour][vc_btn title=&#8221;Volver al comienzo de secci\u00f3n&#8221; align=&#8221;left&#8221; i_align=&#8221;right&#8221; i_icon_fontawesome=&#8221;fa fa-chevron-right&#8221; add_icon=&#8221;true&#8221; link=&#8221;url:%23table-of-contents|||&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=&#8221;stretch_row&#8221; el_id=&#8221;conga&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1563874847411{background-color: #009c55 !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: cover !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Conga&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h1|font_size:50|text_align:left|color:%23ffffff&#8221; google_fonts=&#8221;font_family:Quicksand%3A300%2Cregular%2C700|font_style:400%20regular%3A400%3Anormal&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8211; El texto en espa\u00f1ol estar\u00e1 disponible pronto &#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Het\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">grootste uitbreidingsplan van het mijnbouwbedrijf Yanacocha blijft tot op vandaag (2018) onuitgevoerd. Reeds in de jaren \u201890 begon het bedrijf al gronden op te kopen rond de hooglandmeren van Conga, die naam gaven aan het project. Pas vanaf 2010, wanneer het oorspronkelijke milieueffectenrapport wordt goedgekeurd. De lange geschiedenis van milieuvervuiling en mensenrechtenschendingen door het bedrijf vormt de voedingsbodem voor het sociaal conflict dat zich ontwikkelde rond het Conga project. In het najaar van 2011 groeide het lokale protest uit tot massaal verzet. De verschillende lokale anti-mijnbouwprotesten van rechtstreeks geaffecteerde gemeenschappen kwamen samen in een regionaal bewustzijn, waarbij ook de stadsbewoners zich betrokken voelen. Boerenorganisaties en andere sociale bewegingen, gesteund door de regionale overheid van Cajamarca en het brede middenveld in Peru, hebben hun vertrouwen in het mijnbouwbedrijf Yanacocha verloren. \u2018Conga no va!\u2019 vormt zonder twijfel het grootste protest in de geschiedenis van de streek waar bijna 500 jaar geleden <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">conquistador <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pizarro en Inca Atahualpa tegenover elkaar stonden.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">De reactie van de regering was hardhandig. De noodtoestand werd meermaals afgekondigd en de streek werd gemilitariseerd. Dit resulteerde onder meer in 5 dodelijke slachtoffers in juli 2012 in de provincie Celend\u00edn. Datzelfde jaar werd een historische \u2018Marcha del Agua\u2019 gehouden op de hoofdstad, Lima, waar duizenden mensen samen kwamen voor het recht op water. Conga werd zo een nationaal symbooldossier voor de grootschalige mijnbouwproblematiek in het land en in gans Latijns-Amerika, en resoneert tot ver daarbuiten.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_tta_tour style=&#8221;modern&#8221; active_section=&#8221;1&#8243; no_fill_content_area=&#8221;true&#8221;][vc_tta_section title=&#8221;Criminalizaci\u00f3n de la protesta&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;criminalizacion-de-la-protesta&#8221;][vc_column_text]The opposition to the Conga protest is widely supported. Not only communities that might possibly be affected are taking to the streets, but also those beyond the \u2018impact zone\u2019 are voicing their opposition in large numbers. A small-scale IPSOS enquiry in 2012 revealed that only 15% of the respondents wish the project to be implemented whilst as many as 78% were against the exploitation of Conga. In rural areas the percentage swells to 83%.\u00a0<span class=\"caption left\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/catapa.be\/sites\/default\/files\/resize\/wysiwyg\/users\/user89\/congappt-500x226.jpg?resize=500%2C226\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"226\" \/><\/span>In other words, \u2018the 5-billion dollar project\u2019 hardly finds local support. Regional policymakers are in a similar frame of mind. Gregorio Santos, regional president of Cajamarca openly opposes the project and is therefore a thorn in the flesh of the central government in Lima. Thus, the Conga protest has become a national protest in Peru, a country with over 200 mining-related social conflicts.<\/p>\n<p>Since investments in Conga are huge and the scale of the protest was immense, the opposition was and is felt by the central government to be highly problematic. From the first protests in the fall of 2011 up to today \u00a0efforts have been made to suppress the protest in Cajamarca in a harsh and illegal way. Criminalization of social protest in Cajamarca took and is taking place in a variety of ways, and \u00a0can therefore illustrate the various methods used by any government to subdue undesirable dissent.<\/p>\n<p>When considering the criminalization of social protest, a distinction can be made between the role played by the state and the private company\u2019s role.<\/p>\n<p>Criminalization by the state can be orchestrated at various levels: by state security forces in the way they respond to social protest; by prosecutors and judges in the way existing laws are applied or interpreted and by legislators in the way new laws are created or adapted.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Arbitrary use of existing legal framework to criminalize protesters. This includes charging social leaders or protesters with \u2018public intimidation\u2019, \u2018incitement to violence\u2019, \u2018terrorism\u2019, \u2018kidnapping\u2019\u2026 These terms are often defined so broadly in the penal code, that they are open to arbitrary interpretation by judges.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u21d2 An example from\u00a0Cajamarca<\/strong>: At the end of 2012, 15 lawsuits had been filed against a number of people \u00a0by the state and\/or Minera Yanacocha. As a result, more than 94 individuals were summoned for a wide range of offences: impeding public transport, damage to properties, coercion, restriction of personal freedom, violence (against the authorities)\u2026<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Criminalisation in breach of legal framework. Often, a state will take measures which abuse human rights and in doing so it breaches its own legal framework. Examples are repression and use of violence, militarization of a region, arbitrary arrests without any immediate cause, threatening social leaders, \u00a0defamation of key figures of the protest (often through media channels),\u2026<span class=\"caption right\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/catapa.be\/sites\/default\/files\/wysiwyg\/users\/user89\/imagesgbnf9pfg.jpg?resize=275%2C183\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"183\" \/><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u21d2 An example from Cajamarca<\/strong>: Right from the start of the protests against Conga excessive brutality was used. \u00a0 During a convergence of protesters on 29 November 2011 in the area of the mountain lakes, DINOES, a special unit of the Peruvian police, \u00a0opened fire on protesters. A number of people were seriously injured . Marino Rodriguez, a key figure in the protest, \u00a0lost an eye. Elmer Campos got paralyzed in his legs and has been confined to a wheelchair up to today.<\/p>\n<p>Early 2012, the protest movement gathered momentum and led to plenty of actions in the town of Cajamarca, which resulted in a regional strike in June 2012. City life was halted for 34 days. Residents of a number of surrounding municipalities came down to the city to express their dissatisfaction with Conga and the Peruvian government. The strike was harshly suppressed. The toll of this police brutality was numerous injured people and 5 deaths, one of them a minor.<\/p>\n<p>The day after the fatal \u2018incidents\u2019 the state of emergency was declared. This strategy is frequently used by the Peruvian government and functions as a license to militarize the region. This way, numerous civil rights such as the right to freedom of assembly and association were abused and the right to peaceful protest was weakened. Video recordings of the protest actions clearly show excessive police brutality, which was \u00a0confirmed by numerous witnesses. The police were said to have shot from a helicopter.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Smear campaigns and arbitrary arrests<\/strong>\u00a0Often real smear campaigns are staged in order to delegitimize the social leaders of the protest.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u21d2<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>An example from Cajamarca<\/strong>: the smear campaign against former priest and social leader Marco Arana grew to massive proportions. Marco Arana functioned as an intermediary for the local population and for social movements during the Cerro Quilish conflict in 2004 \u00a0and is still the spokesman of the resistance in Cajamarca. Being the leading enemy of Yanacocha his life was repeatedly threatened and he suffered frequent attacks. A documentary on this smear campaign won international acclaim. \u2018Operaci\u00f3n Diablo\u2019 is indeed an impressive account of the threats and defamation Marco Arana had to suffer. Watch the trailer <a href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/10208540\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Finally, a state will also adapt the legal framework to criminalize acts of social protest. One objective is to secure impunity for police and army personnel, another is to facilitate military intervention.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u21d2\u00a0<u>An example from Cajamarca<\/u><\/strong>: Already during Alejandro Toledo\u2019s presidency a legal basis was provided to enable the Peruvian government to crush undesirable protest faster and more thoroughly. It was Toledo who, among other things, increased sanctions for the disruption of public services. Alan Garc\u00eda, \u00a0President from 2006 till 2011, moved on along similar lines. He thwarted the work of many NGOs and decreed a law guaranteeing impunity for armed and security forces.<\/p>\n<p>A police officer, who \u2018while fulfilling his duties and using his weapon correctly\u2019 (fatally) injures a person, cannot be held responsible, the law says. Today\u2019s president Ollanta Humala recently took this even further. The above law concerning the use of police violence during conflicts will soon be adapted and allow a police or military officer to use \u2018arms other than those prescribed by their duties\u2019. Besides, the law will no longer mention that police or military personnel will have to use their weapons in line with regulations.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=&#8221;M\u00e1xima Acu\u00f1a&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;maxima-acu\u00f1a&#8221;][vc_column_text]Companies benefit from the criminalization of social protest. Indeed, their project can go ahead faster as resistance will not be tolerated. Often, companies themselves will undertake actions and so take part in the criminalization strategy. \u00a0A distinction can be made between:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Repeated accusations of opponents to their project;<\/li>\n<li>Engaging armed forces and dubious security firms to protect company property. These are often state or paramilitary forces. In Peru, private security \u00a0firms are allowed to hire police officers (in their leisure time).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u21d2<\/strong><span class=\"caption left\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/catapa.be\/sites\/default\/files\/wysiwyg\/users\/user89\/maximaacuna.jpg?resize=295%2C171\" alt=\"\" width=\"295\" height=\"171\" \/><\/span><strong><u>\u00a0Example from Cajamarca<\/u><\/strong>: M\u00e1xima Acu\u00f1a de Chaupe, a woman farmer living in the concession zone and who became the symbol of the opposition to Yanacocha and the Conga project, was repeatedly harassed by the company. In February, 2015 the Yanacocha security service, accompanied by DINOES, the special police unit, intruded on her property. Some 200 police were present. They fired their guns in the air, but physical violence did not happen. The foundations of a house the family are building there, were destroyed. After a 4-year lawsuit the Cajamarca Court decided, in December 2014, that Yanacocha\u2019s claim to Tragadero Grande was unfounded. The land is property of the Chaupe family, who have \u00a0for years been violently intimidated by the Yanacocha company, its private security personnel, the Peruvian police and the DINOES. \u00a0The land concerned prevents Yanacocha to carry out its mega project Conga, which would lead to the destruction of headwaters in the highlands. In spite of the recent verdict, the company keeps accusing the Chaupe family of usurpation. In a press release Yanacocha claims that the family\u2019s house is being built outside the family\u2019s land \u00a0and that they themselves are peacefully defending their own property[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][\/vc_tta_tour][vc_btn title=&#8221;Volver al comienzo de secci\u00f3n&#8221; align=&#8221;left&#8221; i_align=&#8221;right&#8221; i_icon_fontawesome=&#8221;fa fa-chevron-right&#8221; add_icon=&#8221;true&#8221; link=&#8221;url:%23table-of-contents|||&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=&#8221;stretch_row&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1563874979823{background-color: #009c55 !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: cover !important;}&#8221; el_id=&#8221;el-corredor-del-cobre&#8221;][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;El corredor del cobre&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h1|font_size:50|text_align:left|color:%23ffffff&#8221; google_fonts=&#8221;font_family:Quicksand%3A300%2Cregular%2C700|font_style:400%20regular%3A400%3Anormal&#8221; el_id=&#8221;International arbitration&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_tta_tour style=&#8221;modern&#8221; active_section=&#8221;1&#8243; no_fill_content_area=&#8221;true&#8221;][vc_tta_section title=&#8221;Michiquillay&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;michiquillay&#8221;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2>Contexto<\/h2>\n<h3>Licitaci\u00f3n p\u00fablica<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diez compa\u00f1\u00edas solicitaron el proyecto de cobre por valor de $2 billones en Cajamarca, al norte de Per\u00fa. El gobierno de Per\u00fa notifica que el proyecto necesitar\u00e1 una inversi\u00f3n de aproximadamente $2 billones para poder ser desarrollado. Solamente dos compa\u00f1\u00edas preseleccionadas presentaron una propuesta econ\u00f3mica. \u201cSouthern\u201d, controlada por Grupo M\u00e9xico SAB de CV, gan\u00f3 gracias a la propuesta de transferir $400 millones al gobierno y el pago del 3% en regal\u00edas, superando a la Compa\u00f1\u00eda Minera Milpo, que ofreci\u00f3 $250 millones en transferencias y el 1.875% en regal\u00edas. El director ejecutivo de Southern dijo a Reuters en septiembre que Michiquillay tiene impurezas de ars\u00e9nico, lo cual requerir\u00eda una inversi\u00f3n algo mayor para limpiar el \u00e1rea. Y as\u00ed, la corporaci\u00f3n Southern Copper fue declarada ganadora el 20 de febrero de 2018. La subasta, la primera celebrada en Per\u00fa en la \u00faltima d\u00e9cada, fue retrasada en dos ocasiones el a\u00f1o pasado, en parte debido a la inestabilidad pol\u00edtica debilitada por el presidente Pedro Pablo Kuczynski.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Per\u00fa es el segundo mayor productor de cobre detr\u00e1s de Chile, con una producci\u00f3n anual de 2.4 m de toneladas del metal naranja. Los recursos minerales en Michiquillay se estiman en 1.159 toneladas de cobre con un grado promedio de 0.629% y un corte de cobre de 0.4%. Seg\u00fan varios analistas, Michiquillay podr\u00eda sumar un porcentaje del 0.5 al crecimiento econ\u00f3mico anual de Per\u00fa en los pr\u00f3ximos a\u00f1os. El \u00e1rea comprende 4050 acres entre Sorocucho, Enca\u00f1ada y Sucre. Por ello, los mineros deber\u00e1n calmar a los habitantes de la regi\u00f3n de Cajamarca ya que es propensa a conflictos por los recursos naturales.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Como respuesta a esto, la mitad de la transferencia de Southern (200 millones de d\u00f3lares) ir\u00e1 al Fondo Social de Michiquillay, un fondo dedicado a la implementaci\u00f3n de proyectos de desarrollo social y sostenible en el \u00e1rea. El gobierno ha asegurado a los habitantes que el proyecto no afectar\u00e1 a las reservas de agua. Como recordamos, la primera compa\u00f1\u00eda en ganar el proyecto de cobre de Michiquillay fue Anglo American (derecho de explotaci\u00f3n de 8 a\u00f1os desde el a\u00f1o 2008), la misma compa\u00f1\u00eda que tambi\u00e9n dej\u00f3 m\u00e1s de 200 millones de d\u00f3lares al Fondo Social de Michiquillay. Esto significa que el Fondo Social, como organizaci\u00f3n, debe manejar un total de 400 millones de d\u00f3lares, una cantidad 16 veces mayor que el precio base fijado por Proinversi\u00f3n (US $25 millones). Dos representantes de Southern Peru, dos representantes de las comunidades y un representante del Estado supervisar\u00e1n el Fondo Social de Michiquillay.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Southern<b>: \u00bfCon qui\u00e9n estamos tratando?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Southern Copper Corporation Peru (SPCC) was founded in 1952. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1999, Grupo M\u00e9xico Asarco acquired 54.2% of the shares, with which the Mexican company was responsible for the mining activities of SPCC in Peru. Despite the new owners, the company has not changed the name because of strategy. At the beginning of the second quarter of 2005, SPCC merged with Minera M\u00e9xico and its subsidiaries. So SPCC has been active in Peru for more than 60 years. Southern always worked in the South part of Peru., for instance in<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Toquepala en Cuajone, two open pit mines with copper, silver, molybdeen and gold, and also a metallurgic complex in Ilo. Next to that, it takes part in three mine explorations, such as T\u00eda Mar\u00eda.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Southern has a history of polluting the environment. When Southern was commissioned in the 1950s, it seriously polluted the coast as a result of its melting processes and the formation of residues. At least the Ilo valley was polluted due to the toxic emissions. From 1960 to 1996, 785 million tons of mining waste was dumped in the Tacne\u00f1a Bay of 36 years of infection that they have not been able to reverse. In 1996 the company started the operations of the &#8220;Los Chancas&#8221; project, in the Tapairihua district, Aymaraes province, Apur\u00edmac. This project generates a series of effects in Quichque and neighboring communities. They built access roads that destroyed farmland and weakened soils that caused landslides during the rains that eventually buried the primary school, chapel and houses in the Quichque area. They installed water pumps in order to bring water to the drilling machines, which contaminated the water that irrigates the natural meadows. Although the company suggested to compensate the damage, it never happened. In 2011 they announced the project T\u00eda Mar\u00eda in the Islay-Arequipa province, which aims to process copper oxides. Unops (UN agency) made 138 observations when assessing the MEB of the project, which indicated, among other things, that there was no hydrogeological investigation (water and soil) despite the fact that they intended to work. Next to that, and even worse, five people were killed and dozens hurt in the protest.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In 2013, the Ministry of Environment and Ecology of the provincial municipality of Ilo discovered an index of pollution by sulfur dioxide (SO) in the Ilo smelter. The SO level reached 190 \u03bcg \/ m (micrograms per cubic meter) in the area where the Southern smelter is located (the maximum permissible limit is 80 \u03bcg \/ m3). In its defense, SPCC did not meet the 2008 standard, which set a maximum limit of 80 ug\/m3, since that standard was not regulated. In 2014, the Environmental Assessment and Enforcement Agency (OEFA) sanctioned the SPCC&#8217;s business with 204 OFF for 16 incidents related to improper handling of solid waste, hazardous waste, and a large number of expelled gaseous particles, among others. In January 2015, the public prosecutor&#8217;s office for the prevention of crime and the environment asked for a two-year and six-month penalty for \u00d3scar Gonz\u00e1lez Rocha, president of Southern Peru, and the payment of civil damages for a million dollars, for the alleged crime of pollution, have issued emissions exceeding the maximum permissible limits in the emission of arsenic particles and by dumping contaminated water into the sea. In January 2018, residents of Moquegua mobilized, denouncing that this company continues to pollute the Torata River with its operations &#8211; where the water discharges, noting that high concentrations of toxic metals have been detected, so they asked for an investigation of the done.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Also in other parts of the world this company cause a lot of contamination. Grupo M\u00e9xico, the most important owner of Southern, has a strong record of contamination issues, such as the explosion in the coal mine at Pasta de Conchos, Coahuila, Mexico, which caused 65 miners to be buried, a fact that took place in 2006. Or the spillage of 40,000 cubic meters of acidified copper sulfate from the Buenavista mine in 2014, considered the most serious pollution event in the history of Mexico. Moreover, in 2015 Grupo M\u00e9xico paid a fine of 23 million 565,938 Mexican pesos, due to more than 50 irregularities against the environmental regulatory framework.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So it is clear that the long history of conflicts in this company is found in different places, where similar patterns of behavior are rejected that show a bad relationship with local communities, which has led to deep distrust and a lot of social conflicts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They could no longer deny their way of handling things and accepted it as \u2018mistakes\u2019. Carlos Aranda, technical manager of Southern, said: &#8220;When we did the work, we didn\u2019t do it the right way the first time. Let\u2019s be honest: the people thought we were very arrogant&#8221;. Because of the problems, some of their projects were suspended.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With all this background, this company was chosen for the Michiquillay-project. So we have all reasons to be concerned\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Both the governor of<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Cajamarca, Porfirio Medina V\u00e1squez<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the leader of the &#8216;rondas campesinas&#8217;, Ydelso Hernandez, agreed that &#8220;we are repeating the failed formulas that have not yielded results in the implementation of new mining projects, and the State wants to impose it on the mackerel, for this reason the people have the right to protest.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Protest<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There have been agreements between ProInversi\u00f3n and Jesus Diaz Casahuaman. Although a leader of the farming community Michiquillay, he is in favor of the mine.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On Wednesday March 7, 2018, the community members of Polloc, La Enaca\u00f1ada and Namora published a press release, in the name of Marcos Aguilar Ortiz, president of the sector Michiquillay, \u00a0to announce that they have not been called together to participate in any bidding process of the Michiquillay mining project:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;We clarify that what President of the peasant community Jesus Diaz Casahuaman and other people who do not live in the community say that the Michiquillay mining project is socialized, is totally false.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;We communicate to the public in general and to the media not to be surprised by the versions of Jesus Diaz Casahuaman since he has been declared persona non grata by our population and is involved in the irregularities of the Michiquillay Social Fund, which is included in the audit reports.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Personal observation and information<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We observe that the protest against Michiquillay is at the moment not that strong, in comparison with the protest against Conga in 2011-2012.. Environmentalists say that this is mainly because local people were kept quiet because they were offered jobs, money for studies, and water supplies. One project in a local community existed of the construction of water tanks with solar panels to create showers for the people. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">People tell us that lands were bought from locals and depending on the location and the importance for the mining company, the price varied. This divides the local communities. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As, at the moment, locals are not yet feeling the negative ecological impact, and the minds are kept calm with money, no strong protest has developed. It is expected though, that protest will be stronger than the CONGA protest once the negative effects start to show\u2026<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=&#8221;Shahuindo&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;shahuindo&#8221;][vc_column_text]La mina a cielo abierto Shahuindo es una mina relativamente nueva, ubicada en el valle de Condebamba en la provincia de Cajabamba (sur de Cajamarca). Condebamba es un hermoso valle verde con granjas de cuyes (conejillos de indias), \u00a0abundantes \u00e1rboles de paltas (aguacates), campos de ma\u00edz, y otros cultivos de frutas y verduras. En 2013 la empresa canadiense Tahoe Per\u00fa Shahuindo comenz\u00f3 con la construcci\u00f3n de la mina y en 2016 inici\u00f3 la explotaci\u00f3n. La mina procesa de promedio 36.000 toneladas por d\u00eda, y cada tonelada contiene aproximadamente 0,515 gramos de oro y 7,10 gramos de plata.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fuga qu\u00edmica<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">El 18 de enero de 2018 se produjo una fuga enorme en uno de los dep\u00f3sitos de residuos de la mina. Una mezcla qu\u00edmica fluy\u00f3 hacia el valle, contamin\u00f3 el agua y destruy\u00f3 campos de cultivo enteros. El olor era notable desde lejos y ni\u00f1os y ancianos experimentaban problemas de salud. Las autoridades acudieron al lugar y tomaron nota, pero no hubo ninguna acci\u00f3n concreta de soluci\u00f3n. La empresa responsable se lava las manos describiendo el incidente como &#8220;un fen\u00f3meno natural&#8221;. Seg\u00fan ellos, las fuertes lluvias de la temporada fueron las que ocasionaron la fuga.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protesta<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Si bien la lucha contra la mina Yanacocha se mantuvo firme en 2012 y se centr\u00f3 principalmente en protestar contra la ampliaci\u00f3n, otra empresa minera se benefici\u00f3 de una entrada silenciosa en el valle cercano de Chorobamba. \u00bfY la poblaci\u00f3n local? No se toma en cuenta y debe soportar las consecuencias de las actividades mineras. La mina requiere mucha agua, lo que se traduce en una gran escasez para las actividades agr\u00edcolas y los hogares de las comunidades. Como compensaci\u00f3n, cada casa recibe un tanque de agua frente a su puerta, pero eso es solo un remedio temporal y no soluciona el problema.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La compa\u00f1\u00eda minera Tahoe quiere reubicar a todo el pueblo de Chorobamba para colocar oficinas y una cafeter\u00eda para el personal. Esto significa que la poblaci\u00f3n local debe abandonar sus valiosos campos y casas. Chorobamba, legalmente reconocida desde 1973 y una comunidad agr\u00edcola floreciente durante tantos a\u00f1os, no quiere ceder. En respuesta a esta desobediencia la polic\u00eda toma medidas. El 15 de diciembre de 2017 los campos fueron destruidos: los \u00e1rboles de aguacate, que han estado floreciendo y creciendo durante treinta a\u00f1os, cayeron al suelo en un d\u00eda. Se robaron casas, se rob\u00f3 ma\u00edz y cuyes. El 4 de enero de 2018 hombres armados reingresaron a la comunidad. El resultado: cinco heridos, de los cuales tres en el hospital y uno sigue en coma hasta el d\u00eda de hoy.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Permanecer unidos<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Para los residentes ahora existe un temor real de que estas amenazas aumenten hasta que la mina obtenga lo que quiere. Por eso quieren ofrecer una respuesta clara y potente. Juntos permanecen fuertes, por lo que el 15 de enero de 2018 las diversas comunidades agr\u00edcolas del valle fueron convocadas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La situaci\u00f3n fue ampliamente discutida a lo largo del d\u00eda. R\u00e1pidamente se sucedieron discursos, algunos tranquilos, otros llenos de pasi\u00f3n y enojo. Los oradores llamaron a la gente a unirse, a tomar las riendas y a exigir sus derechos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Queda por ver lo que logr\u00f3 la protesta esta vez. \u00bfSe cerrar\u00e1 el proyecto como Conga o continuar\u00e1 la miner\u00eda de manera implacable? \u00bfEl gobierno lo manejar\u00e1 de manera diferente y escuchar\u00e1 a la poblaci\u00f3n esta vez?\u00a0 Los derechos humanos se ven a menudo pisoteados en favor de la econom\u00eda. A d\u00eda de hoy, desmantelar la miner\u00eda por completo parece una ilusi\u00f3n. Sin embargo, ser\u00eda un gran paso adelante que las empresas mineras y los gobiernos no solo tomen los intereses econ\u00f3micos primero, sino tambi\u00e9n abracen y respeten a la poblaci\u00f3n local y la justicia ecol\u00f3gica.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Junto con la organizaci\u00f3n asociada GRUFIDES, continuaremos con el seguimiento del caso.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=&#8221;R\u00edo Blanco&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;rio-blanco&#8221;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"caption none\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/catapa.be\/sites\/default\/files\/wysiwyg\/Cases\/Peru\/peru_rioblanco_panorama.jpg?resize=640%2C168\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"168\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>El proyecto R\u00edo Blanco Copper est\u00e1 en fase de exploraci\u00f3n hasta hoy en d\u00eda. La explotaci\u00f3n de los minerales todav\u00eda no ha empezado. El proyecto R\u00edo Blanco se encuentra en el extremo norte de Per\u00fa, cerca de la frontera con Ecuador. Forma parte del departamento Piura, a orillas del R\u00edo Blanco. La concesi\u00f3n abarca partes de la provincia Huancabamba, en el distrito Carmen de la Frontera en el territorio de la comunidad de Segunda y Cajas; y de la provincia vecina Ayabaca, en el distrito que lleva el mismo nombre en el territorio de la comunidad de Yanta. Las provincias Ja\u00e9n y San Ignacio que se sit\u00faan r\u00edo abajo, en el departamento del Cajamarca, tambi\u00e9n se ver\u00e1n afectadas.<span class=\"caption right\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/catapa.be\/sites\/default\/files\/wysiwyg\/Cases\/Peru\/peru_rioblanco.jpg?resize=259%2C194\" alt=\"\" width=\"259\" height=\"194\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Esta regi\u00f3n fronteriza entre Per\u00fa y Ecuador se caracteriza por un ecosistema \u00fanico y una biodiversidad enorme. Estos ecosistemas son muy importantes para el abastacimiento\u00a0de agua local. No s\u00f3lo la agricultura en peque\u00f1a escala y la ganader\u00eda en zonas m\u00e1s bajas dependen de este ecosistema. Tambi\u00e9n las regiones secas de la costa en Piura dependen del agua que se recoge y se filtra por los p\u00e1ramos. En esta regi\u00f3n existe tambi\u00e9n una cuenca de varios r\u00edos.<\/p>\n<p>La concesi\u00f3n ocupa cerca de 6.000 hect\u00e1reas. R\u00edo Blanco quiere empezar en esta zona una gran mina a cielo abierto con una extensi\u00f3n de 400 hect\u00e1reas. Se tratar\u00eda, seg\u00fan la empresa, de una de las m\u00e1s grandes reservas de cobre no explotadas del mundo. Minera Majaz (ahora conocido como R\u00edo Blanco Copper) quiere extraer anualmente 220 mil toneladas de cobre y aproximadamente 2.500 toneladas de molibdeno. El mineral se extraer\u00e1 de las rocas por un m\u00e9todo de flotaci\u00f3n a base de sustancias qu\u00edmicas. La mina a cielo abierto es posiblemente el inicio de un &#8216;distrito de minas&#8217; m\u00e1s grande en la regi\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>Tras fuertes protestas y violaciones de derechos humanos, en abril 2007 el capital de\u00a0Monterrico Metals cay\u00f3 por 89,9 % en manos del consorcio chino Zijin. La compa\u00f1\u00eda es una de las empresas mineras de oro y cobre m\u00e1s grandes de China. Zijin posee, o est\u00e1 implicado en 5 proyectos mineros de ultramar y en m\u00e1s de 30 minas en China. Est\u00e1 recibiendo fuertes cr\u00edticas dentro de China y a nivel internacional por su dudosa reputaci\u00f3n en cuanto a derechos humanos e impacto ambiental. Durante a\u00f1os la poblaci\u00f3n rural local ya ha ido llevando a cabo protestas organizadas en contra de los planes de la mina. CATAPA organiz\u00f3 en 2010 junto a diversas organizaciones sociales de la regi\u00f3n la campa\u00f1a &#8216;<a href=\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/mining-in-paradise\/\">miner\u00eda en el para\u00edso \u2013 zonas libres de miner\u00eda<\/a>&#8216;, con el caso principal de R\u00edo Blanco.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00bfCu\u00e1les son las exigencias del movimiento en contra?<\/em><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Las organizaciones sociales y las comunidades de las cuatro provincias (Ja\u00e9n, San Ignacio, Ayabaca, Huancabamba) piden la regulaci\u00f3n de una &#8216;zona libre de miner\u00eda&#8217; que se extiende por las 4 provincias.<\/li>\n<li>Quieren que el resultado del refer\u00e9ndum sea reconocido y respetado. Esto implicar\u00eda que el proyecto minero planificado no se realizar\u00eda y que la empresa se ir\u00eda de la regi\u00f3n. El Ministerio de Energ\u00eda y Minas debe anular la licencia del proyecto R\u00edo Blanco, as\u00ed como todas las otras licencias que no respetan la voluntad de la poblaci\u00f3n.<\/li>\n<li>Exigen que las intimidaciones y las violaciones de los derechos humanos por la empresa y por las compa\u00f1\u00edas de seguridad est\u00e9n penalizadas y las v\u00edctimas indemnizadas.<\/li>\n<li>Piden que su propio modelo de desarrollo, basado en el ecoturismo y la agricultura biol\u00f3gica sea respetado y respaldado. Se insiste en que las autoridades provinciales sigan invertiendo energ\u00eda y recursos en la Zonificaci\u00f3n Ecol\u00f3gica y Econ\u00f3mica (ZEE) y en el proceso de ordenamiento territorial.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Vea\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/video:https\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=NZ76E1hqiow&amp;feature=player_embedded\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>aqui<\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>el v\u00eddeo de la campa\u00f1a (2010) sobre el caso.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][\/vc_tta_tour][vc_btn title=&#8221;Volver al comienzo de secci\u00f3n&#8221; align=&#8221;left&#8221; i_align=&#8221;right&#8221; i_icon_fontawesome=&#8221;fa fa-chevron-right&#8221; add_icon=&#8221;true&#8221; link=&#8221;url:%23table-of-contents|||&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_cta 1=&#8221;peruano&#8221; 2=&#8221;es&#8221; 3=&#8221;un&#8221; 4=&#8221;mendigo&#8221; 5=&#8221;que&#8221; 6=&#8221;se&#8221; 7=&#8221;sienta&#8221; 8=&#8221;sobre&#8221; 9=&#8221;una&#8221; 10=&#8221;monta\u00f1a&#8221; 11=&#8221;de&#8221; 12=&#8221;oro&#8220;&#8220;&#8221; h2=&#8221;&#8220;Un peruano es un mendigo que se sienta sobre una monta\u00f1a de oro&#8220;&#8221; h4=&#8221;es un dicho popular peruano. Los recursos del suelo<br \/><a class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/casos\/peru\/\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":2993,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3061","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Per\u00fa - CATAPA vzw<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/casos\/peru\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Per\u00fa - CATAPA vzw\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[vc_row][vc_column][vc_cta 1=&#8221;peruano&#8221; 2=&#8221;es&#8221; 3=&#8221;un&#8221; 4=&#8221;mendigo&#8221; 5=&#8221;que&#8221; 6=&#8221;se&#8221; 7=&#8221;sienta&#8221; 8=&#8221;sobre&#8221; 9=&#8221;una&#8221; 10=&#8221;monta\u00f1a&#8221; 11=&#8221;de&#8221; 12=&#8221;oro&#8220;&#8220;&#8221; h2=&#8221;&#8220;Un peruano es un mendigo que se sienta sobre una monta\u00f1a de oro&#8220;&#8221; h4=&#8221;es un dicho popular peruano. Los recursos del sueloRead More\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/casos\/peru\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"CATAPA vzw\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/catapa.belgium\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-05-28T11:07:44+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/catapa.be\/sites\/default\/files\/resize\/wysiwyg\/users\/user89\/congappt-500x226.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CATAPA_Belgica\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Tiempo de lectura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"29 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/casos\/peru\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/casos\/peru\/\",\"name\":\"Per\u00fa - CATAPA vzw\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/casos\/peru\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/casos\/peru\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\/\/catapa.be\/sites\/default\/files\/resize\/wysiwyg\/users\/user89\/congappt-500x226.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-05-23T10:27:26+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-05-28T11:07:44+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/casos\/peru\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"es-ES\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/casos\/peru\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"es-ES\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/casos\/peru\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/catapa.be\/sites\/default\/files\/resize\/wysiwyg\/users\/user89\/congappt-500x226.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\/\/catapa.be\/sites\/default\/files\/resize\/wysiwyg\/users\/user89\/congappt-500x226.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/casos\/peru\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Casos\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/casos\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Per\u00fa\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/\",\"name\":\"CATAPA vzw\",\"description\":\"Comit\u00e9 Acad\u00e9mico T\u00e9cnico de Asesoramiento a Problemas Ambientales\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"es-ES\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/#organization\",\"name\":\"CATAPA vzw\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"es-ES\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/catapa.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/NEW20LOGO20SHORT20PNG1.png?fit=1259%2C1321&ssl=1\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/catapa.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/NEW20LOGO20SHORT20PNG1.png?fit=1259%2C1321&ssl=1\",\"width\":1259,\"height\":1321,\"caption\":\"CATAPA vzw\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/catapa.belgium\/\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/CATAPA_Belgica\",\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/catapa_vzw\/\",\"https:\/\/be.linkedin.com\/company\/catapavzw\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCE52-Fiyv-Fpqf2gi1qhf1g\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Per\u00fa - CATAPA vzw","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/casos\/peru\/","og_locale":"es_ES","og_type":"article","og_title":"Per\u00fa - CATAPA vzw","og_description":"[vc_row][vc_column][vc_cta 1=&#8221;peruano&#8221; 2=&#8221;es&#8221; 3=&#8221;un&#8221; 4=&#8221;mendigo&#8221; 5=&#8221;que&#8221; 6=&#8221;se&#8221; 7=&#8221;sienta&#8221; 8=&#8221;sobre&#8221; 9=&#8221;una&#8221; 10=&#8221;monta\u00f1a&#8221; 11=&#8221;de&#8221; 12=&#8221;oro&#8220;&#8220;&#8221; h2=&#8221;&#8220;Un peruano es un mendigo que se sienta sobre una monta\u00f1a de oro&#8220;&#8221; h4=&#8221;es un dicho popular peruano. 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(\"\u00bfMiner\u00eda en el para\u00edso?\", 2010) CATAPA apoy\u00f3 a las organizaciones agr\u00edcolas y medioambientales de cuatro provincias en el norte de Per\u00fa, que no quer\u00edan admitir la miner\u00eda en sus regiones. Porque las empresas mineras violan los derechos humanos, interrumpen los planes\u2026","rel":"","context":"Entrada similar","block_context":{"text":"Entrada similar","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3052,"url":"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/actua-ahora\/ponencias-y-talleres\/","url_meta":{"origin":3061,"position":2},"title":"Talleres","author":"Alienor de Sas","date":"23\/05\/2018","format":false,"excerpt":"[vc_row][vc_column][vc_cta h2=\"Resumen de talleres CATAPA\" style=\"custom\" custom_background=\"#009c55\" custom_text=\"#ffffff\"][\/vc_cta][vc_tta_tour][vc_tta_section title=\"Los l\u00edmites del crecimiento\" tab_id=\"1622664968691-cabd0016-57d7\"][vc_custom_heading text=\"Los l\u00edmites del crecimiento\" font_container=\"tag:h2|font_size:20|text_align:center\" google_fonts=\"font_family:Quicksand%3A300%2Cregular%2C700|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal\"][vc_cta h2=\"\" shape=\"square\" add_icon=\"left\" i_icon_fontawesome=\"fa fa-info\" i_color=\"custom\" i_size=\"lg\" i_custom_color=\"#009c55\"]Orientado a mayores de 18 a\u00f1os Duraci\u00f3n: 2-3 horas (se puede adaptar seg\u00fan las necesidades) Tama\u00f1o del grupo: 15-25 personas Idioma: Neerland\u00e9s o ingl\u00e9s\u2026","rel":"","context":"Entrada similar","block_context":{"text":"Entrada similar","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/catapa.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/unnamed-1.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":2997,"url":"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/casos\/colombia\/","url_meta":{"origin":3061,"position":3},"title":"Colombia","author":"Alienor de Sas","date":"23\/05\/2018","format":false,"excerpt":"[vc_row][vc_column][vc_cta h2=\"El suelo colombiano es rico en recursos naturales.\" h4=\"El pa\u00eds no solo tiene las reservas de carb\u00f3n m\u00e1s grandes de Am\u00e9rica Latina; tambi\u00e9n posee altas cantidades de oro, n\u00edquel, cobre, plata, platina y piedras preciosas. Al asumir el cargo en 2010, el presidente Santos dijo que la miner\u00eda ser\u00eda\u2026","rel":"","context":"Entrada similar","block_context":{"text":"Entrada similar","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/catapa.be\/sites\/default\/files\/resize\/remote\/45c6065047ff3ea0f31dbae064d596f3-600x400.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/catapa.be\/sites\/default\/files\/resize\/remote\/45c6065047ff3ea0f31dbae064d596f3-600x400.jpg?resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/catapa.be\/sites\/default\/files\/resize\/remote\/45c6065047ff3ea0f31dbae064d596f3-600x400.jpg?resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":3039,"url":"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/labor\/colaboraciones\/","url_meta":{"origin":3061,"position":4},"title":"Colaboraciones","author":"Alienor de Sas","date":"20\/05\/2018","format":false,"excerpt":"[vc_row][vc_column width=\"1\/2\"][vc_single_image image=\"11576\" img_size=\"medium\" alignment=\"center\"][vc_custom_heading text=\"Bolivia\" font_container=\"tag:h2|text_align:center|color:%23009c55\" google_fonts=\"font_family:Quicksand%3A300%2Cregular%2C700|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal\"][vc_tta_pageable no_fill_content_area=\"1\" active_section=\"0\" pagination_color=\"black\" tab_position=\"top\"][vc_tta_section title=\"Sectie 1\" tab_id=\"CEPA-ES\"][vc_column_text] CEPA En Bolivia cooperamos con CEPA (el Centro de Ecolog\u00eda y Pueblos Andinos), una organizaci\u00f3n con una doble orientaci\u00f3n: los problemas ambientales y la poblaci\u00f3n ind\u00edgena. Centro de Ecolog\u00eda La contaminaci\u00f3n est\u00e1 muy presenta en\u2026","rel":"","context":"Entrada similar","block_context":{"text":"Entrada similar","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/catapa.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/cepa.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":2979,"url":"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/actua-ahora\/dona-ahora\/","url_meta":{"origin":3061,"position":5},"title":"Dona ahora","author":"Alienor de Sas","date":"20\/05\/2018","format":false,"excerpt":"[vc_row equal_height=\"yes\"][vc_column css_animation=\"none\"][vc_cta h2=\"Colabora con CATAPA\" h4=\"CATAPA es un movimiento cr\u00edtico y tenaz, en constante crecimiento, que se atreve a luchar por un planeta m\u00e1s sostenible y justo. Desde CATAPA apoyamos sociedades en Latinoam\u00e9rica que se encuentran amenazadas por proyectos mineros masivos y por el impacto social y ecol\u00f3gico de\u2026","rel":"","context":"Entrada similar","block_context":{"text":"Entrada similar","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3061","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3061"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3061\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29760,"href":"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3061\/revisions\/29760"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2993"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/catapa.be\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3061"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}